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Hi everyone! I’m going to kick-off season 1 of Please Expand with a thought that was inspired by “The Boundless Sea”.
The first section of the book, “The Oldest Ocean” might be my favourite and I think it’s because it has a sheen of mystery because of the sheer difficulty of knowing anything with certainty about the Pacific Islanders. We are all fascinated by those huge heads on Easter Island but it never sunk in just how complicated it was for that island to be found until I read David Abulafia’s chapter on it. Looking at the map of the region, the trips to Easter Island and New Zealand look madly improbable, with a special mention to Hawaii which required the navigators to sail under an entirely new night sky (leaving the southern hemisphere of the Polynesian islands and entering the northern hemisphere). But I don’t just want to bang on about how incredible this is.
What interested me was the tension between two kinds of historical explanation that this section brought out. Let’s call the one kind “materialist explanations”, and it relies on shards of pottery, evidence of building structures, weapons and tools, and other such material objects. Let’s call the other kind “spiritualist explanations”, and that would be more focused on things that have to do with the inner world of the agents involved: things like wishes, desires, hopes, intentions, etc.
I think the tension is that materialist explanations are much easier to come by than spiritualist ones: there is an inverse relationship the more one goes back in time. What this means is that historical explanations for why things happened in the distant past necessarily lean more heavily on materialist explanations because that’s all there really is. For example, one mystery is: Why did the Hawaiians stop trading with their Polynesian kin and turn their back to oceanic navigation? A plausible answer is because ‘the new territory offered the resources the settlers needed, without the shortages of vital goods that would stimulate trade’ (p.39). Now, there is nothing wrong with this explanation, indeed, it offers a very good reason to explain a very odd phenomenon. Why did Pacific Islanders cease navigating the oceans, an activity that seems to have been an essential aspect of their identity, within a few generations of colonising Hawaii? Because going out into the ocean was a way for them to find more resources and Hawaii provided them with all the resources they needed, thus, they stopped going out into the ocean.
I want to stress that this is a good explanation. But I also want to stress a potential danger that is implied by such materialist explanations. Because we are reliant on materialist explanations to make sense of events in the distant past, the agents that we are talking about lose all subjectivity and individuality and become parts within a larger mechanical whole. I say “mechanical” because there is something mechanistic about the cause-effect explanation offered above: they go out to the ocean to find resources, they find resources, therefore, they stop going out to the ocean. But as we know from more recent history, and indeed our subjective experience, things happen for all kinds of reasons that are not easily discerned in archaeological evidence. Indeed, David Abulafia notes as much on pg.19.
This is not to say that we should respond to materialistic explanations by positing all kinds of fanciful theories about why something happened. History is an empirical field and it should remain so. But we might balance the materialistic explanation by recalling that human history is not natural history, and that we are thinking, self-conscious beings that are capable of doing something for all kinds of reasons. Sometimes we stop navigating because we no longer have to search for food, and sometimes we stop navigating because we believe we have found our homeland and have reached some kind of harmony with our being. We should not ignore empirical evidence in exchange for an unproven theory, but we might accept the empirical evidence with the caveat that we have a good reason to believe that it might not be the whole story.
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Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate (PBAT) is a biodegradable and compostable thermoplastic polymer widely used as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional plastics. It is synthesized by polycondensation of adipic acid, terephthalic acid, and 1,4-butanediol, resulting in a copolyester with properties similar to low-density polyethylene (LDPE). PBAT is known for its flexibility, toughness, and high elongation at break, making it suitable for applications such as packaging films, shopping bags, agricultural mulch films, and compostable waste bags. Its biodegradability is a major advantage, as it can decompose under industrial composting conditions into water, carbon dioxide, and biomass, reducing environmental pollution compared to petroleum-based plastics.
The growing demand for sustainable materials in packaging, agriculture, and consumer goods industries has significantly boosted the adoption of PBAT. Governments and regulatory bodies across Europe, North America, and Asia are encouraging the use of biodegradable plastics to reduce single-use plastic waste, further driving market growth. Despite being relatively more expensive than traditional plastics, advancements in production technology and increasing investment in biopolymer manufacturing are expected to lower costs and expand applications. Blending PBAT with other biopolymers like polylactic acid (PLA) or starch also enhances its performance while maintaining its biodegradability, making it a key material in the transition toward a circular and sustainable economy.
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Nickel sulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NiSO₄, commonly encountered in its hexahydrate form (NiSO₄·6H₂O), which appears as green crystalline solids. It is a vital source of nickel in various industrial applications, especially in electroplating, where it is used to deposit nickel coatings on metal surfaces for corrosion resistance and aesthetic appeal. Nickel sulfate is also a key component in nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries, and its demand is increasing significantly due to its critical role in the production of cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs).
In addition to its role in the battery and electroplating industries, nickel sulfate is used in the production of catalysts, ceramics, and as a mordant in textile dyeing. However, it is classified as a hazardous material due to its toxic and carcinogenic properties, particularly with long-term exposure via inhalation or skin contact. Strict handling and environmental regulations are in place to mitigate health risks associated with its use. The surge in global electric vehicle production is driving a rapid expansion of the nickel sulfate market, pushing for more sustainable and environmentally friendly production methods.
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MMOexp: With its December 6, 2024, release, Path of Exile 2 (PoE 2) is poised to redefine the action RPG genre. The game promises not only thrilling new gameplay mechanics but also a revamped economy that highlights crafting as a core pillar of success. Crafting is not just a way to enhance your gear; it’s a gateway to amassing wealth through POE2 Currency.
Let’s explore the intricacies of crafting in Path of Exile 2, and its role in the game’s economy. Crafting in Path of Exile 2 revolves around modifying and enhancing gear to fit specific builds or playstyles. The game’s economy thrives on the dynamic nature of crafting, with players buying, selling, and trading crafted items to optimize their characters. As demand shifts with meta changes and new expansions, crafting becomes not just a gameplay mechanic but a lucrative business.
Crafting isn’t limited to personal gear upgrades—it drives a bustling marketplace where players trade rare items and high-value crafted gear. The beauty of PoE 2’s crafting system lies in its complexity, which allows players to create unique, highly sought-after items. Rare modifiers and perfect stat rolls can command astronomical prices, making crafting a top-tier method for accumulating POE 2 Currency like Exalted Orbs, Chaos Orbs, and Divine Orbs.
Moreover, crafting fosters community interaction. Players collaborate, share resources, and strategize to craft best-in-slot items. This social dynamic not only enriches the game experience but also strengthens the player-driven economy. To start crafting your way to riches in Path of Exile 2, you’ll need a strong understanding of the crafting system and the resources it requires.
Specializing in a particular type of gear, such as weapons, armor, or accessories, allows you to focus your efforts and resources. Early in the game, crafting low level gear with desirable stats can provide a steady income. As you progress, transition to Path of Exile 2 Currency crafting high-end items tailored to specific builds.
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